Massage Therapy Journal Summer 2024

44 • Massage Therapy Journal

AMTA Continuing Education

Primary Curves: • Thoracic curve (kyphotic curve): This is a posterior convex curve in the upper part of the spine, corresponding to the thoracic vertebrae. It naturally develops as an infant begins to lift and hold their head upright. The thoracic curve contributes to the shape of the upper back. • Sacral curve (kyphotic curve): The sacral curve is a posterior convex curve located in the sacral region, involving the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. It forms during fetal development and continues to develop as a child begins to walk. The sacral curve contributes to the curvature of the lower back and sacrum. Secondary Curves: • Cervical curve (lordotic curve): The cervical curve is an anterior convex curve located in the neck region, involving the cervical vertebrae. This curve develops as an infant begins to lift their head and develops further as the child starts to sit and stand. The cervical curve supports the weight of the head. • Lumbar curve (lordotic curve): The lumbar curve is an anterior convex curve in the lower back, corresponding to the lumbar vertebrae. It develops as a child begins to stand and walk. The lumbar curve provides stability to the spine and supports the weight of the upper body. These curves work together to distribute mechanical stress, maintain balance and allow for a wide range of movements. The natural curves of the spine are essential for absorbing shock, maintaining an upright posture and facilitating the body’s overall biomechanics. It is important to note that individual variations exist, and some people may have slight differences in the degree or shape of these curves. Using Anatomical and Postural References in Assessment Now let’s review the concepts of plumb line, alignment and balance from both an anatomical and postural perspective.

• Vertebral arch: Forms a protective ring around the spinal cord. • Processes: The spinous process extends backward and the transverse processes project to the sides. • Articular processes: These form joints with adjacent vertebrae. • Foramina: Openings between vertebrae for nerves to exit. • Spinal canal: The space that contains and protects the spinal cord. • Discs: The cushions between vertebrae for flexibility. The spine is divided into five regions. The number of vertebrae can vary from 32–35 from person to person. • Cervical spine (neck): The cervical spine is composed of seven vertebrae, denoted as C1 to C7. The first vertebra, C1, is known as the atlas, and it supports the skull’s weight. The second vertebra, C2, is called the axis and allows rotational movement of the head. Together they are known as the atlanto-axis (AA) joint. • Thoracic spine (upper back): The thoracic spine consists of twelve vertebrae labeled T1 to T12. These vertebrae are associated with the ribcage, providing stability and support to the upper back. • Lumbar spine (lower back): The lumbar spine is located in the lower back and is made up of five vertebrae, referred to as L1 to L5. The lumbar vertebrae bear a significant load and are crucial for various movements such as bending and lifting. • Sacral spine (sacrum): The sacral spine is a triangular-shaped bone formed by five fused vertebrae, known as S1 to S5. The sacrum connects the spine to the hip bones (pelvis) and plays a vital role in weight transmission. • Coccygeal: The coccyx, often referred to as the tailbone, is composed of four fused vertebrae. It does not have a significant range of motion, yet it provides support for the pelvic floor muscles. The spine has four natural curves that provide balance, flexibility and support to the human body. These curves are categorized into primary and secondary curves.

Improper posture often leads to overuse or underuse of certain muscles, creating imbalances. Some muscles become tight and shortened, while

others weaken and lengthen.

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