INFORM January 2024

34 • inform January 2024, Vol. 35 (1)

rived CBS hydrolysate, and the PEFA titer and productivity were enhanced up to 41.1 g/L and 8.22 g/L/day, respectively. Conclusions Here, we integrated the CBS process and the P4R5 fermentation for the robust production of high-value-added PEFA and SCO from non-food corn plant wastes. Therefore, this study suggests a feasi ble way for lignocellulosic agro-waste utilization and the potential application of P4R5 in industrial PEFA production. The potential of hydroxytyrosol fatty acid esters to enhance oral bioavailabilities of hydroxytyrosol and fatty acids: Continuous and slow-release ability in small intestine and blood HPLC-UV analysis in rat everted gut sac and in vitro simu lated digestion models indicated that hydroxytyrosol fatty acid esters (HTy-Es) could be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to slow-release of free fatty acids (FAs) and HTy. Meanwhile, the HTy-Es, the liberated FAs and the HTy could cross the membrane and were transported into blood circulation. HTy-Es were further hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase in in vitro rat plasma hydrolysis model, which also showed slow-release of FAs (C1-C4) and HTy. Especially, the rates of hydrolysis and transport initially increased and then decreased with the increasing alkyl chain length. Besides, the above rates of the HTy-Es with a straight chain were greater than those of its isomer with a branched chain. Therefore, the above-mentioned continuous and slow-release of FAs and HTy in small intestine and blood clearly demonstrated that HTy-Es would be an effective approach to enhance oral bioavailabilities of free fatty acids and hydroxytyrosol. Analysis of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in edible mushrooms Martínez-Ramírez, F., et al. , LWT , 173, 114311, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114311 Edible mushrooms are consumed worldwide. The over all amount of lipids in mushrooms is small and consists of com plex lipids, such as triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and sterols. Nutritional studies have outlined the lipid compositions of mush rooms but have not analyzed their fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) profiles. FAHFAs are a class of anti-inflamma tory and antidiabetic lipids frequently found in human food. This study aimed to characterize the FAHFA profiles of various edible mushrooms. Using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based lip idomics approach, we identified 34 FAHFAs in seven members of the fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms. Linoleic acid (LA)-containing FAHFAs were the most abundant among all the species. Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and enokitake Wang, X., et al. , Food Chemistry , 422, 136246, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136246

Ryan J. Stoklosa is a research chemical engineer and lead scientist for the USDA, Agricultural Research Service located in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania. His research focuses on technologies to convert plant biomass into fuels and high value chemicals.

Hydroxylated fatty acids have a variety of uses ranging from mate rial to nutritional applications. In addition, some current research trends are examining new sources of hydroxylated fatty acids and their potential application. The first article examines producing extracellular polyol esters of fatty acids (PEFA) and intracellular sin gle cell oils from non-food corn biomass using Rhodotorula paludi gena with a consolidated bio-saccharification processing route. The second article determines the enhanced oral bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol fatty acid esters, which have beneficials effects of promoting antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetic activities. The last article investigated edible mushrooms for complex lipids such as fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids using a lipidomics approach. Bioconversion of non-food corn biomass to polyol esters of fatty acid and single-cell oils Liu, G., et al. , Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts , 16, 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-023-02260-z Background Lignocellulose is a valuable carbon source for the production of bio fuels and biochemicals, thus having the potential to substitute fossil resources. Consolidated bio-saccharification (CBS) is a whole cell-based catalytic technology previously developed to produce fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. The deep-sea yeast strain Rhodotorula paludigena P4R5 can produce extracellular polyol esters of fatty acids (PEFA) and intracellular single-cell oils (SCO) simultaneously. Therefore, the integration of CBS and P4R5 fermentation processes would achieve high-value added conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Results The strain P4R5 could co-utilize glucose and xylose, the main monosaccharides from lignocellulose, and also use fructose and arabinose for PEFA and SCO production at high levels. By regu lating the sugar metabolism pathways for different monosaccha rides, the strain could produce PEFA with a single type of polyol head. The potential use of PEFA as functional micelles was also determined. Most importantly, when sugar-rich CBS hydrolysates derived from corn stover or corncob residues were used to replace grain-derived pure sugars for P4R5 fermentation, similar PEFA and SCO productions were obtained, indicating the robust conversion of non-food corn plant wastes to high-value-added glycolipids and lipids. Since the produced PEFA could be easily collected from the culture via short-time standing, we further developed a semi-con tinuous process for PEFA production from corncob residue-de