Missouri Nurse Winter 2022/2023

have fewer life experiences and may distrust authority figures (Moore et. al., 2017). Adding to these disclosure obstacles, the victim often finds themselves in a trafficker-controlled situation during the clinical visit. Being psychologically controlled, the victim may still not deviate from the trafficker’s rules even when the trafficker is not present. It is universally accepted that mandated awareness and educational

programs for health care providers would increase the identification of HT victims (Grace et. al., 2014). Although there are HT screening tools, these instruments lack validation (Chaffee & English, 2015; Doherty et al., 2016). In addition, protocols on how to intervene once a suspected human trafficked victim is identified are lacking (CdeBaca & Sigmon, 2014). While awareness of the HT tragedy is slowly increasing, victims continue

to remain unidentified even during encounters with professionals (Grubb & Bennett 2012; Helton, 2016; Weitzer, 2014). To counter this, it is imperative that appropriate education and evidence-based protocols be developed and evaluated to identify and protect victims. Evaluating educational programs and publicly releasing the results will increase HT victim awareness, recognition, and intervention (Viergever et al., 2015).

References

Barner, J. R., Okech, D., & Camp, M. A. (2014). Socio-economic inequality, human trafficking, and the global slave trade. Societies, 4, 148-160. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4020148

Barnert, E., Iqbal, Z., Bruce, J., Anoshiravani, A., Kolhatkar, G., & Greenbaum, J. (2017). Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children and adolescents. Academic Pediatrics, 17(8), 825-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.07.009

Carville, O. (2015). Accused pimp describes ways women get lured into human sex trafficking. The Star, Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2015/12/18/accused-pimp-describes-ways-women-get-lured-into- human-sex-trafficking.html

Chaffee, T., & English, A. (2015). Sex trafficking of adolescents and young adults in the United States: healthcare provider role. Current Opinion Obstetric Gynecology, (27), 339-344, https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000198

CdeBaca, L., & Sigmon, J. N. (2014). Combating trafficking in persons: a call to action for global health professionals. Global Health: Science and Practice, 2(3), 261-267. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00142

Doherty, S., Oram,S., Siriwardhana, C. & Abas, M. (2016). Suitability of measurements used to assess mental health outcomes in men and women trafficked for sexual and labour exploitation: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 3, 464-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30047-5

Grace, A.M., Lippert, S., Collins, K., Pineda, N., Tolani, A., Walker, R., et al. (2014). Educating health care professionals on human trafficking. Pediatric Emergency Care, 30(12), 856-861. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000287

Greer, B. T., Cotulla, G. & Johnson, M. (2020). The routes of human suffering: how point-source and destination-source mapping can help victim services providers and law enforcement agencies effectively combat human trafficking. International Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, 14(12), Retrieved from https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22072/the-routes-of-human-suffering-how-point-source and-destination-source-mapping-can-help-victim-services-providers-and-law-enforcement-agencies-effectively-combat-human-trafficking

Greenbaum, J., & Bodrick, N. (2017). Global human trafficking and child victimization. Pediatrics, 140(6), https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3138

Grubb, D., & Bennett, K. (2012). The readiness of local law enforcement to engage in US anti-trafficking efforts: an assessment of human trafficking training and awareness of local, county, and state law enforcement agencies in the State of Georgia. Police Practice and Research, 13(6), 487-500. Helton, M. (2016). Human trafficking: how a joint task force between health care providers and law enforcement can assist with identifying victims and prosecuting traffickers. Health Matrix, 26(1), 433-473. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/healthmatrix/vol26/iss1/15

Hornor, G. (2015). Domestic minor sex trafficking: What the PNP needs to know. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 29(1), 88-94. Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.08.016

Kehl. M. (2020). Human trafficking in the age of the internet. Utica College, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/f7c24a9fb8544f49200f78e6942a541e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Leary, M. G. (2016). Dear John, you are a human trafficker. South Carolina Law Review, 68, 413-450.

Moore, J., Kaplan, D. M., & Barron, C. E. (2017). Sex trafficking of Minors. Pediatrics Clinical North America, 64, 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.013

Peterson, M. (2019). Recognizing the stages of grooming. Fight to End Exploitation, Retrieved http://www.humantrafficking.co.za/index.php/faq/2496-recognizing-the-stages-of-grooming-fight-to-end-exploitation

Ronsey, L. N. & Villano, C. E. (2020). Recognizing victims of a hidden crime: Human trafficking victims in your pediatric trauma bay. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 27(1) 37-41. doi: 10.1097/JTN.0000000000000480

Stacey Diane A. Litam (2017). Human sex trafficking in America: what counselors need to know. The Professional Counselor, 7(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.15241/sdal.7.1.45

Scanlon, C., & Krausa, L. (2016). Human trafficking: ministering to the ‘invisible’ victim. Health Progress, Retrieved from www.chausa.org.

Weitzer, R. (2014). New directions in research on human trafficking. The Annuals of the American Academy, 653, 6-24. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/6588243/New_Directions_in_Human_Trafficking_Research_2014_

van Reisen, M., Gerrima, Z., Ghilazghy, E., Kidane, S., Rijken, C., & van Stam, G. (2017). Tracing the emergence of ICT-enabled human trafficking for ransom. Research Gate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mirjam_Reisen/publication/326655157_Tracing_the_Emergence_of_ICT-enabled_Human_Trafficking_for_R

Viergever, R., West, H., Borland, R., & Zimmerman, C. (2015). Health care providers and human trafficking: what do they know, what do they need to know? Findings from the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Central America. Frontier Public Health, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00006

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