INFORM October 2024

36 • inform October 2024, Vol. 35 (9)

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid or triacylglycerol form attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via mediating cannabinoid receptor 1/adiponectin/ceramide pathway Chen, Y., et al. , The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 123, 109484, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109484 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have shown to exert beneficial effects in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver dis ease (NAFLD). Supplements of n-3 PUFA occur in either p hospholipid or triacylglycerol form. The present study aimed to compare whether the different n-3 PUFA of marine-origin, namely krill oil, DHA/EPA-phospholipid (PL), and EPA/DHA triacylglycerol (TAG) forms had differential abilities to ameliorate NAFLD. The NAFLD model was established in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD). The mice showed evi dence of weight gain, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis after 9 weeks of HFD, while the three forms of the n-3 PUFA reduced hepatic TAG accumulation, fatty liver and improved insulin instance, and hepatic biomarkers after 9 weeks of intervention. Of these, krill oil intervention significantly reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and hepatic steatosis in comparison with DHA/EPA-PL and EPA/DHA-TAG groups. Importantly, only krill oil intervention significantly reduced serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase concentrations and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, compared with the HFD group. Supplemental n-3 PUFA lowered circulating anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations, compared with the HFD group, which was associated with down regulating CB1 and upregulating adiponectin expressions in adipose tissue. Besides, targeted lipidomic analyses indicated that the increased adiponectin levels were accompanied by reductions

in hepatic ceramide levels. The reduced ceramide levels were associated with inhibiting lipid synthesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation, finally inhibiting TAG accumulation in the liver. Through mediating CB1/adiponectin/ceramide pathway, the present study suggested that administration of krill oil had superior health effects in the therapy of NAFLD in comparison with DHA/ EPA-PL and EPA/DHA-TAG. Comparing the cardiovascular risk reducing effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil and krill oil: A network meta-analysis Pham, T.-P.-T., et al. , Journal of Functional Foods , 120, 106379, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2024.106379 The study aimed to compare the cardiovascular benefits of fish oil (FO) and krill oil (KO) in various molecular forms/vari ants. These included ethyl ester (EE), triglyceride (TG), re-ester ified triacylglycerol (rTAG), phospholipid/free fatty acid (PL/ FFA), high concentration phospholipid (HPL), low concentration phospholipid (LPL), and emulsion (EM), across diverse dosages. A network meta -analysis approach adhering to PRISMA guide lines was used. Sixty studies from databases including Embase, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP-WHO, and Cochrane (1993–2023) were analyzed with RStudio (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024502338). Key findings included KO-PL/FFA 2000– 2900 mg effectively lowering triglycerides, FO-EE above 3000 mg reducing total cholesterol, FO-EE above 3000 mg and FO-TG below 2000 mg notably reducing low-density lipoprotein choles terol, and FO-TG 2000–2900 mg improving high-density lipo protein cholesterol. The study confirmed high reliability with no publication bias (p > 0.05, Egger’s test). In conclusion, KO-PL/ FFA, FO-EE above 3000 mg, FO-TG 2000–2900 mg, and FO-rTAG 300–1900 mg effectively reduce cardiovascular risk factors.