INFORM November/December 2025

36 • inform November/December 2025, Vol. 36 (10)

Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

methods design gathered qualitative and quantitative data. One hundred and seven (107) experts purposively selected were engaged in exploring the applicability of I4.0 technologies. IBM SPSS 26 and AMOS 23 software analysed the gathered data. The analysis revealed six pillars of I4.0 technologies applicable for monitoring O&G pipelines. Those pillars included autonomous robots, augmented reality, additive manufacturing, the Internet of Things, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The O&G pipeline’s maturity level was 3.1, indicating that the industry has begun integrating some I4.0 technologies into pipeline monitor ing or leakage detection. Strategies obtained through experts’ responses and 80–20 % analysis that tackle technological, finan cial, regulatory, and psychological constraints were proposed to enhance I4.0’s full adoption in PLM. Strategies developed were building international partnerships, building international cooper ation, building a workforce, creating digital platforms, promoting a friendly industry culture and state support for investors. The study only identified applicable I4.0 technologies for pipeline monitor ing or leakage detection. Further study can be conducted to analyse to what extent they are utilised and can be utilised in O&G PLM. Furthermore, there has been limited literature on the O&G indus try; hence, further studies can explore the industry in the down stream and midstream sections. A comprehensive kinetics and thermodynamics studies of oil extraction from West African avocado: Towards sustainable development Alale, E.M., et al ., Industrial Crops and Products , 225, 120449, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120449 This study focuses on the extraction and characterization of oil from the West African avocado. The solvent extraction technique was used to extract the oil from the avocado using hexane as the extraction solvent. The extraction was done at different temperatures and times to study the influence of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters on the extraction process and the oil yield. The extraction followed first-order kinetics with a positive slope of (0.949). The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and mod elled at four extraction temperatures; 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C respectively. The highest yield was 80%, at the highest extraction temperature of 70 °C and time 130 minutes. The activation energy (Ea) and mass transfer coefficient (km) were found to be (23.589 kJ/ molK) and (0.015 ± 0.005 min−1), respectively, with a regres sion coefficient (R2) value of (0.937 ± 0.035). The thermodynamic parameters; entropy (ΔS*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG*) were also determined to be (-208.992 ± 0.327 J/mol.K), (20.862 ± 0.107 kJ/mol) and (89.415 ± 2.698 kJ/mol) respectively, favouring a spontaneous, irreversible, and endothermic process. Gas chromatography was employed to analyze the major fatty acids in the oil, revealing that stearic acid accounted for 52 %, oleic acid for 30 %, and linoleic acid for 3 %, along with a range of lesser fatty acids. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was employed to detect and characterize the bonds and functional groups present in the oil. The physicochemical parameters showed that the oil suits domestic, and industrial applications.