INFORM January 2024

Whole Milk

Fat Globules

Milk fat globule membrane

18 • inform January 2024, Vol. 35 (1)

PAS6/7

Sphingomyelin

Butyrophilin

Cholesterol

Whey

Xanthine oxidase

Triglyceride core

XO

Adipophilin

A

UF Retentate

CD36

TGC

Glycolipids

UF Permeate

Phospholipids

Glycoproteins (MUC 1, MUC 15, Lactadherin

Whey Protein Concentrate

Whey Permeate

Whole Milk

Fat Globules

Milk fat globule membrane

MF Retentate

MF Permeate

Whey Protein Phospholipid Concentrate

Whey Protein Isolate Whey

FIG. 2. Whey protein phospholipid concentrate production. Source: Ozturk, G., et al. , Dairy , 3 (2), 2022.

UF Retentate

UF Permeate

WPPC represents a concentrated MFGM protein source. The most prevalent protein in the MFGM is glycosylation-de pendent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GLYCAM-1), accounting for 7% of the total abundance. Following this, butyrophilin con stituted 5%, lactadherin made up 4.45%, xanthine oxidase comprised 2.25%, and fatty acid-binding protein heart had an abundance of around 2%. These MFGM proteins have been associated with positive effects, such as anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial activities (https://doi. org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2859). For example, xanthine oxi dase demonstrated antimicrobial properties similar to human milk. Whereas WPPC’s potent antimicrobial properties have been determined to be three times higher than bovine milk ( https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3020022 ). WPPC is an exceptional reservoir of polar lipids. Researchers have identified MFGM phospholipids—namely phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), 25 20 15 10 5 0 Human milk % Bovine milk MFGM Protein WPPC Whey Protein Phospholipid Concentrate MF Retentate

phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and sphingo myelin (SM)—as a significant component of WPPC. Scientists have determined the relative quantities (Figure 4) of phospho lipids such as PE, PC, and PS are higher in WPPC in comparison to human and bovine milk (https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1442 200x.2000. 01169). Clearly, milk phospholipids are associated with multiple cellular functions, namely cell growth, devel opment, molecular transportation systems, absorption pro cesses, memory, stress responses, the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, anti-cholesterolemic effect, and the process of myelin ation in the central nervous system (https://doi.org/10.3168/ jds. S0022-0302(03)73822-3). Furthermore, a diet rich in MFGM components has shown a positive effect on cognitive development (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113483). As an ingredient rich in MFGM proteins and phospholip ids, WPPC and its fractions could be successfully formulated into products designed to improve human nutrition, including WPPC Major Proteins Glycam 1 Lactadherin Fatty acid binding protein Adipophilin Butyrophilin Xanthine oxidase Mucin 15 Mucin 1 Whey Protein Isolate Whey Permeate

Whey Protein Concentrate

MF Permeate

% % %

WPPC Major Proteins

MFGM Protein

25 20 15 10 25 20 15 10 5 0

%

Phospholipid Distribution

Total Phospholipids

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Glycam 1 Lactadherin Fatty acid binding protein Adipophilin

Butyrophilin Xanthine oxidase Mucin 15 Mucin 1

Human milk

Bovine milk

WPPC

%

5 0

FIG. 3. MFGM protein shared in human milk, bovine milk and WPPC. Source: Ozturk, G., et al. , Dairy , 3 (2), 2022 and Liao, Y., et al. , J. Proteome Res. , 10, 8, 2011.

Bovine milk

WPPC

Human milk

Human milk

Bovine milk WPPC